Research
Functional Materials, Superhydrophobic, Coatings, Surface Functionalisation, Sustainable Materials, Antifouling
Interests
The Crick Research Group champions an applied science approach aimed at the fabrication of materials through the specific engineering of surface morphology and chemistry. The areas of interest encompassed by this research extend widely, but the principal fields are summarised below.
Superhydrophobic Materials
Superhydrophobic (highly water repellent) materials have a range of applications areas, including; self-cleaning, antifouling, drag-reduction, and water/ice repulsion, in addition to many others. They are fabricated by combining inherently water repellent (non-polar) surface chemistry and an intense surface roughness (at the micro/nanoscale). Key areas of investigation include:
The maximisation of water repelling properties and physical resilience.
The demonstration of long-term biocide-free antifouling and drag reducing properties.
Generate superhydrophobic materials for real-world implementation.
Novel Coating Processes
The Crick group possess specialisation in a range of materials fabrication and coating technologies, which are utilised in a range of ongoing research projects. However, investigative flexibility remains central to the group’s ethos, with time dedicated toward generating completely new processes. This is particularly the case when manufacturing surface coatings. Whereby the development of optimal functional properties may require novel procedures to be developed.
A recent example of a novel fabrication method developed by the group involves the room temperature CVD of polymers (
doi.org/10.1039/C9TA01379B).
Advanced Materials Characterisation
The production of materials with specialised surface chemistries/morphologies requires advanced characterisation for successful validation. The group have a track record of employing a range of imaging, microscopy, and spectroscopic techniques, the utilisation of which is dependant on the materials being investigated. This also involves the development of novel characterisation methodologies.
Recent examples include the characterisation of superhydrophobic materials using water bouncing (
doi.org/10.1039/C1CC14749H) and shear stress measurements (
doi.org/10.1039/C7TA10510J).
Sensor Materials
The architecture of any material, particularly at small length scales (micro/nanoscale), can induce functional properties (exemplified by superhydrophobicity). Plasmonic materials are an area of research where functionality is linked directly to material dimensions. One of the best-known examples of plasmonic materials is gold, whereby a variation in length scale changes the optical properties of the material substantially (from appearing yellow in the bulk, turning purple/blue at the nanoscale). Plasmonic materials have many applications, with molecular sensing being one of these. The Crick group utilise their expertise in morphological manipulation to generate targeted plasmonic behaviour and develop sensor substrates.
Publications

Publications of specific relevance to the Centre for Sustainable Engineering
2025
Intelligent manipulation of liquids through the bio-inspired structuring of materialsZhang C, Wang L,
Crick CR and
Lu Y Progress in Materials Science,
Elsevier vol. 147
01-01-20252024
UV-stable photoactive superhydrophobic coatings utilizing “inverse vulcanization” sulfur polymersDiniz V, Bear JC, Rath S and
Crick CR Surfaces and Interfaces,
Elsevier vol. 51, 104691-104691.
29-06-2024
Porous sulfur polymers for effective aqueous-phase organic contaminant removalDiniz V, Bear JC, Rath S and
Crick CR Scientific Reports,
Springer Nature vol. 14 (1)
07-04-2024
The fabrication of robust and highly efficient oil–water separation filters via the high temperature sintering of silica micropowerSadler E and
Crick CR Rsc Advances,
Royal Society of Chemistry (Rsc) vol. 14 (19), 13489-13493.
01-01-20242023
Polymer-dominant drag reduction in turbulent channel flow over a superhydrophobic surfaceZhang L, Garcia-Gonzalez RI,
Crick CR, Ng HC-H and Poole RJ
Physics of Fluids,
Aip Publishing vol. 35 (12)
01-12-2023
Investigating bio-based solvents as a sustainable alternative in the formulation and fabrication of superhydrophobic surfacesGarcia-Gonzalez RI and
Crick CR Aip Advances,
Aip Publishing vol. 13 (10)
01-10-2023
Synthesis and characterization of TiO2-carbon filter materials for water decontamination by adsorption-degradation processesDiniz V,
Crick CR and Rath S
Journal of Environmental Management,
Elsevier vol. 346
14-09-2023
In situ monitor of superhydrophobic surface degradation to predict its drag reduction in turbulent flowZhang L,
Crick CR and Poole RJ
Applied Physics Letters,
Aip Publishing vol. 123 (6)
07-08-2023
Engineering Biofouling Resistant Materials Through the Systematic Adaptation of Surface MorphologySadler E, Stephen AS, Allaker RP and
Crick CR Advanced Materials Interfaces vol. 10 (12)
24-04-20232022
Robust and durable liquid-repellent surfaces.Chen F, Wang Y, Tian Y, Zhang D, Song J,
Crick CR, Carmalt CJ, Parkin IP and
Lu Y Chemical Society Reviews,
Royal Society of Chemistry vol. 51 (20), 8476-8583.
03-10-2022
Surface Tension and Viscosity Dependence of Slip Length over Irregularly Structured Superhydrophobic SurfacesZhang L, Mehanna YA,
Crick CR and Poole RJ
Langmuir,
American Chemical Society (Acs) vol. 38 (39), 11873-11881.
20-09-2022
Study on the Influence of Polymer/Particle Properties on the Resilience of Superhydrophobic CoatingsMehanna YA and
Crick CR Acs Omega,
American Chemical Society (Acs) vol. 7 (21), 18052-18062.
18-05-2022
Investigating the viability of sulfur polymers for the fabrication of photoactive, antimicrobial, water repellent coatingsUpton RL, Dop RA, Sadler E, Lunt AM, Neill DR, Hasell T and
Crick CR Journal of Materials Chemistry B,
Royal Society of Chemistry (Rsc) vol. 10 (22), 4153-4162.
01-01-20222021
Image analysis methodology for a quantitative evaluation of coating abrasion resistanceMehanna YA and
Crick CR Applied Materials Today,
Elsevier vol. 25
01-12-2021
Carbon Nanofiber/SiO2 Nanoparticle/HDPE Composites as Physically Resilient and Submersible Water-Repellent Coatings on HDPE SubstratesUpton RL, Fedosyuk A, Edel JB and
Crick CR Acs Applied Nano Materials,
American Chemical Society (Acs) vol. 4 (10), 10090-10102.
24-09-2021
Suction or gravity-fed oil-water separation using PDMS-coated glass filtersSadler E and
Crick CR Sustainable Materials and Technologies,
Elsevier vol. 29
01-09-2021
The challenges, achievements and applications of submersible superhydrophobic materialsMehanna YA, Sadler E, Upton RL, Kempchinsky AG,
Lu Y and
Crick CR Chemical Society Reviews,
Royal Society of Chemistry (Rsc) vol. 50 (11), 6569-6612.
01-01-20212020
Heat-Treated Micronized Polyethylene Powder for Efficient Oil/Water Separating FiltersMehanna YA and
Crick CR Materials,
Mdpi vol. 13 (14)
15-07-2020
Pigmented self-cleaning coatings with enhanced UV resilience via the limitation of photocatalytic activity and its effectsUpton RL and
Crick CR Molecular Systems Design && Engineering,
Royal Society of Chemistry vol. 5 (4), 876-881.
26-02-2020
A general formulation approach for the fabrication of water repellent materials: how composition can impact resilience and functionalityUpton RL, Davies-Manifold Z, Marcello M, Arnold K and
Crick CR Molecular Systems Design & Engineering,
Royal Society of Chemistry (Rsc) vol. 5 (2), 477-483.
01-01-20202019
Highly rough surface coatings via the ambient temperature deposition of thermosetting polymersMehanna YA, Upton RL and
Crick CR Journal of Materials Chemistry A,
Royal Society of Chemistry vol. 7 (13), 7333-7337.
04-03-20192018
Evaluating the resilience of superhydrophobic materials using the slip-length conceptXu H,
Crick CR and Poole RJ
Journal of Materials Chemistry A,
Royal Society of Chemistry vol. 6 (10), 4458-4465.
14-03-20182017
Covalently Attached Antimicrobial Surfaces Using BODIPY: Improving Efficiency and EffectivenessPeveler WJ, Noimark S, Al-Azawi H, Hwang GB,
Crick CR, Allan E, Edel JB, Ivanov AP, MacRobert AJ and Parkin IP
Acs Applied Materials & Interfaces,
American Chemical Society (Acs) vol. 10 (1), 98-104.
19-12-2017
Low-Noise Plasmonic Nanopore Biosensors for Single Molecule Detection at Elevated TemperaturesCrick CR, Albella P, Kim H-J, Ivanov AP, Kim K-B, Maier SA and Edel JB
Acs Photonics,
American Chemical Society (Acs) vol. 4 (11), 2835-2842.
16-10-2017
Engineering functional polymer coatings through the modification of morphology and surface chemistryCrick C ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY. vol. 254
01-01-20172016
Chapter 9 Low Noise Nanopore Platforms Optimised for the Synchronised Optical and Electrical Detection of BiomoleculesPitchford WH,
Crick CR, Kim H-J, Ivanov AP, Kim H-M, Yu J-S, Albrecht T, Kim K-B and Edel JB
In
Nanofluidics,
Royal Society of Chemistry (Rsc) 270-300.
11-11-2016
Advanced Compositional Analysis of Nanoparticle-polymer Composites Using Direct Fluorescence Imaging.Crick CR, Noimark S, Peveler WJ, Bear JC, Ivanov AP, Edel JB and Parkin IP
Journal of Visualized Experiments,
Myjove (113)
19-07-2016
Advanced Compositional Analysis of Nanoparticle-polymer Composites Using Direct Fluorescence ImagingCrick CR, Noimark S, Peveler WJ, Bear JC, Ivanov AP, Edel JB and Parkin IP
Journal of Visualized Experiments,
Myjove (113)
19-07-2016
On-Demand Surface- and Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Using Dielectrophoretic Trapping and Nanopore SensingFreedman KJ,
Crick CR, Albella P, Barik A, Ivanov AP, Maier SA, Oh S-H and Edel JB
Acs Photonics,
American Chemical Society (Acs) vol. 3 (6), 1036-1044.
18-05-2016
Ambipolar Transport in Solution-Synthesized Graphene NanoribbonsGao J, Uribe-Romo FJ, Saathoff JD, Arslan H,
Crick CR, Hein SJ, Itin B, Clancy P, Dichtel WR and Loo YL
Acs Nano,
American Chemical Society vol. 10 (4), 4847-4856.
26-04-2016
Copper-based water repellent and antibacterial coatings by aerosol assisted chemical vapour depositionOzkan E, Crick CC, Taylor A, Allan E and Parkin IP
Chemical Science,
Royal Society of Chemistry (Rsc) vol. 7 (8), 5126-5131.
01-01-20162015
Self-Assembled Spherical Supercluster Metamaterials from Nanoscale Building BlocksTurek VA, Francescato Y, Cadinu P,
Crick CR, Elliott L, Chen Y, Urland V, Ivanov AP, Velleman L, Hong M, Vilar R, Maier SA, Giannini V and Edel JB
Acs Photonics,
American Chemical Society (Acs) vol. 3 (1), 35-42.
08-12-2015
Fabrication of optimized oil–water separation devices through the targeted treatment of silica meshesCrick CR, Ozkan FT and Parkin IP
Science and Technology of Advanced Materials,
Taylor & Francis vol. 16 (5)
22-10-2015
Selectively Sized Graphene-Based Nanopores for in Situ Single Molecule SensingCrick CR, Sze JYY, Rosillo-Lopez M, Salzmann CG and Edel JB
Acs Applied Materials & Interfaces,
American Chemical Society (Acs) vol. 7 (32), 18188-18194.
04-08-2015
Robust self-cleaning surfaces that function when exposed to either air or oilLu Y, Sathasivam S, Song J,
Crick CR, Carmalt CJ and Parkin IP
Science,
American Association For The Advancement of Science (Aaas) vol. 347 (6226), 1132-1135.
06-03-2015
A physicochemical investigation of ionic liquid mixturesClough MT,
Crick CR, Gräsvik J, Hunt PA, Niedermeyer H, Welton T and Whitaker OP
Chemical Science,
Royal Society of Chemistry (Rsc) vol. 6 (2), 1101-1114.
01-01-2015
Advanced analysis of nanoparticle composites – a means toward increasing the efficiency of functional materialsCrick CR, Noimark S, Peveler WJ, Bear JC, Ivanov AP, Edel JB and Parkin IP
Rsc Advances,
Royal Society of Chemistry (Rsc) vol. 5 (66), 53789-53795.
01-01-20152014
Precise Attoliter Temperature Control of Nanopore Sensors Using a Nanoplasmonic BullseyeCrick CR, Albella P, Ng B, Ivanov AP, Roschuk T, Cecchini MP, Bresme F, Maier SA and Edel JB
Nano Letters,
American Chemical Society (Acs) vol. 15 (1), 553-559.
08-12-2014
Superhydrophobic silica wool—a facile route to separating oil and hydrophobic solvents from waterCrick CR, Bhachu DS and Parkin IP
Science and Technology of Advanced Materials,
Taylor & Francis vol. 15 (6)
01-12-20142013
Superhydrophobic Surfaces as an On-Chip Microfluidic Toolkit for Total Droplet ControlDraper MC,
Crick CR, Orlickaite V, Turek VA, Parkin IP and Edel JB
Analytical Chemistry,
American Chemical Society (Acs) vol. 85 (11), 5405-5410.
20-05-2013
Superhydrophobic polymer -coated copper-mesh; membranes for highly efficient oil–water separationCrick CR, Gibbins JA and Parkin IP
Journal of Materials Chemistry A,
Royal Society of Chemistry (Rsc) vol. 1 (19), 5943-5948.
01-01-2013
Relationship between surface hydrophobicity and water bounces – a dynamic method for accessing surface hydrophobicityCrick CR and Parkin IP
Journal of Materials Chemistry A,
Royal Society of Chemistry (Rsc) vol. 1 (3), 799-804.
01-01-2013
A general method for the incorporation of nanoparticles into superhydrophobic films by aerosol assisted chemical vapour depositionCrick CR, Bear JC, Southern P and Parkin IP
Journal of Materials Chemistry A,
Royal Society of Chemistry (Rsc) vol. 1 (13), 4336-4344.
01-01-20132012
Superhydrophobic Photocatalytic Surfaces through Direct Incorporation of Titania Nanoparticles into a Polymer Matrix by Aerosol Assisted Chemical Vapor DepositionCrick CR, Bear JC, Kafizas A and Parkin IP
Advanced Materials,
Wiley vol. 24 (26), 3505-3508.
18-06-20122011
Aerosol Assisted Depositions of Polymers Using an Atomiser Delivery SystemCrick CR, Clausen-Thue V and Parkin IP
Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. vol. 11 (9), 8358-8362.
01-09-2011
An investigation into bacterial attachment to an elastomeric superhydrophobic surface prepared via aerosol assisted depositionCrick CR, Ismail S, Pratten J and Parkin IP
Thin Solid Films,
Elsevier vol. 519 (11), 3722-3727.
01-03-2011
Superhydrophobic silica films on glass formed by hydrolysis of an acidic aerosol of tetraethylorthosilicateCrick CR and Parkin IP
Journal of Materials Chemistry,
Royal Society of Chemistry (Rsc) vol. 21 (25), 9362-9366.
01-01-2011
Water droplet bouncing—a definition for superhydrophobic surfacesCrick CR and Parkin IP
Chemical Communications,
Royal Society of Chemistry (Rsc) vol. 47 (44), 12059-12061.
01-01-2011
CVD of copper and copper oxide thin films via the in situ reduction of copper(ii) nitrate—a route to conformal superhydrophobic coatingsCrick CR and Parkin IP
Journal of Materials Chemistry,
Royal Society of Chemistry (Rsc) vol. 21 (38), 14712-14716.
01-01-2011
Aerosol assisted deposition of melamine-formaldehyde resin: Hydrophobic thin films from a hydrophilic materialCrick CR and Parkin IP
Thin Solid Films,
Elsevier vol. 519 (7), 2181-2186.
01-01-20112010
The combinatorial atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition (cAPCVD) of a gradating substitutional/interstitial N-doped anatase TiO2 thin-film; UVA and visible light photocatalytic activitiesKafizas A,
Crick C and Parkin IP
Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology a Chemistry,
Elsevier vol. 216 (2-3), 156-166.
01-12-2010
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Characterization of Super‐Hydrophobic SurfacesCrick CR and Parkin IP
Cheminform,
Wiley vol. 41 (26), no-no.
08-06-2010
Superhydrophobic polymer films via aerosol assisted deposition — Taking a leaf out of nature's bookCrick CR and Parkin IP
Thin Solid Films,
Elsevier vol. 518 (15), 4328-4335.
01-05-2010
Preparation and Characterisation of Super‐Hydrophobic SurfacesCrick CR and Parkin IP
Chemistry - a European Journal,
Wiley vol. 16 (12), 3568-3588.
16-03-20102009
A single step route to superhydrophobic surfaces through aerosol assisted deposition of rough polymer surfaces: duplicating the lotus effectCrick CR and Parkin IP
Journal of Materials Chemistry,
Royal Society of Chemistry (Rsc) vol. 19 (8), 1074-1076.
01-01-2009